我国西南地区乡村治理的历史变迁、现状问题与实践路向

现代意义上的乡村治理是通过国家、社会、乡村等的共同作用,来实现对乡村社会动态调控和管理的过程,具有参与主体多元、管理方式民主、运行过程公开等特点。新中国成立以来,西南地区乡村治理共经历了四个各具特色的阶段。新时代的新阶段,这一地区在由脱贫攻坚向乡村振兴转轨的过程中面临着诸多亟待解决的现实问题。在汲取历史经验教训的基础上,针对这些问题可提出若干相应的对策建议。这对在新阶段推进该地区乃至全国的乡村治理现代化,都具有不言而喻的意义和价值。     

Institutional Ethnography and Experience as Data

Experience, as concept, is contested among feminists as to its epistemological status, thus its usefulness in knowledge claims. Institutional ethnography (Smith 1987) is a feminist methodology that nonetheless relies fundamentally on people's experience. Not as Truth, nor the object of inquiry, but as thepoint d'appui for sociological inquiry. This article offers a demonstration of institutional enthnography using observational and interview data that show experience as methodologically central to a trustworthy analysis. A moment in the work lives of nursing assistants in a long-term care setting is captured by a participant observer. The analysis produces two lines of argument. One is methodological; it is argued that nursing assistants' experiences are an entry into the social relations of the setting that, when mapped and disclosed, make those experiences understandable in terms of the ruling arrangements permeating both the organization and their own experiences. The other argument is substantive; the inquiry uncovers how a quality improvement' strategy in a long term care hospital in Canada is reorganizing caregivers' values and practices toward a market orientation in which care appears to be compromised. Use of experience as data in this approach holds the analysis accountable to everyday/everynight actualities in a lived world.     

论中国脱贫攻坚的理论与实践创新

党的十八大以来,我国扶贫开发进入脱贫攻坚阶段。脱贫攻坚理论与实践创新不断深化推进,不仅彰显脱贫攻坚在决胜全面小康社会进程中的重要地位,也预示贫困研究与贫困干预模式的转型。在习近平扶贫思想引导下,坚持精准扶贫精准脱贫方略,推进扶贫体制、机制、路径的改革创新。顶层设计日益完善,实践领域不断破局,取得了前所未有的减贫成效。基于打赢脱贫攻坚战的实践经验与现实需要,贫困研究和反贫困实践的互动愈加频繁,新理论引导实践不断创新发展,实践发展又为理论创新拓展经验基础。脱贫攻坚“理论[CD*2]政策[CD*2]实践”互动转换,建构了意识形态话语与政策科学研究的互动空间,避免了学术研究成果与现实发展需求的割裂,也激发了学术与政策领域的研究活力。推进这一模式的发展与完善不仅有助于脱贫攻坚的理论与实践创新,也有助于为世界减贫提供中国方案。     

水库移民分享水电工程效益的制度逻辑、 实践困境及破解之道

水库移民分享水电工程效益旨在促成显性工程效益和隐性发展机遇实现跨地域、跨组织、跨主体的公平配置。 作为水库移民的应然权利,利益分享既符合公正补偿的制度逻辑,更彰显共商共建共赢的发展理念,但目前补偿救济色彩较重、市场导向偏弱,并存在后靠移民发展权利及机遇隐性被动减损、外迁移民脱嵌于迁出地及受益地发展红利、非农移民缺乏系统保障等实践困境,其原因在于水电工程综合效益量化难度大、参与主体关系地位不对等、执行管理机构人员配置短缺。 因此应健全水电工程效益分享协同管理机制,鼓励水电企业履行社会责任,优先助力贫困水库移民脱贫,灵活渐进地实现水库移民分享工程效益实践机制的稳步定型和有序推广。     

出口二元边际、行业异质性与劳动生产率

基于行业异质性视角,文章主要考察出口二元边际对劳动生产率的影响.利用UN Comtrade数据库,采用HK指数法测度中国出口深度边际和出口广度边际,发现中国出口产品种类基本覆盖了世界全部种类的90％.进一步地,借助聚类分析方法综合多种因素区分行业劳动技能异质性,出口二元边际与劳动生产率关系的实证结果显示:总体上出口深度边际显著推动劳动生产率提高,出口广度边际对劳动生产率产生抑制作用.更为重要的是,出口深度边际对劳动生产率的促进作用仅存在于高技能行业,受限于行业产品技术含量和劳动技能水平等,低技能和中等技能行业出口深度边际出现贫困化增长现象.出口种类扩张的生产率损失超过出口溢出效应的生产率收益,出口广度边际对高中低技能行业劳动生产率具有不同程度的负向影响.     

精准扶贫的资源配置逻辑与实践困境

扶贫资源的合理配置是确保精准扶贫战略目标顺利实现的关键所在。然而,当前精准扶贫资源在配置的过程中存在着资源的项目化与社会生活的不规则性、政策执行的科层逻辑之间的张力。这一巨大的张力使极具科学性和合法性的程序受到非正式制度的倒逼,从而产生“反科层”的逻辑,进而使精准扶贫资源的配置面临实践的困境。要走出这种困境,精准扶贫资源配置应着力于增强资源配置的灵活性、增强贫困人口自身能力建设和因地制宜地发掘地方优势资源,以激发扶贫对象为主体的内生动力。     

Tolerance of Uncertainty: Links to Happenstance,Career Decision Self‐Efficacy,and Career Satisfaction

This study investigated the extent to which tolerance of uncertainty affects the relationship between happenstance skills and career satisfaction via career decision self‐efficacy. Moderated mediation analysis was conducted on data collected from 321 graduates (175 men, 146 women) of Korean universities making the school‐to‐work transition. Results showed that career decision self‐efficacy fully mediated the relationship between happenstance skills and career satisfaction. Furthermore, the moderation effect of tolerance of uncertainty had a significant impact on the relationship between happenstance skills and career decision self‐efficacy. Tolerance of uncertainty should be considered an important variable in happenstance career theory and intervention. Unplanned influences should also be considered important factors in the career decision‐making process.     

“任务驱动”教学法在高职测量实践教学中的应用探讨

任务驱动教学法是一种以实践为导向,以任务为驱动的教学模式,教师的教学与学生的学习都是围绕一个目标,基于几项任务来完成的,适合于培养学生的自学能力以及独立分析问题和解决问题的能力,尤其适用于测量学这样一门以实践操作为主的课程。     

案例教学法在专业课教学中的应用与实践

案例教学法在应用型人才培养中发挥着重要作用,应用日益广泛,但实践应用方面尚有诸多需要研究和解决的问题。文章围绕案例教学中案例教学准备、小组讨论、课堂讨论、案例教学评价、案例教学条件保障5个环节对案例教学实践应用进行初步研究和探讨。     

Measuring conflict management,emotional self-efficacy,and problem solving confidence in an evaluation of outdoor programs for inner-city youth in Baltimore,Maryland

Substantial evidence supports the value of outdoor education programs for promoting healthy adolescent development, yet measurement of program outcomes often lacks rigor. Accurately assessing the impacts of programs that seek to promote positive youth development is critical for determining whether youth are benefitting as intended, identifying best practices and areas for improvement, and informing decisions about which programs to invest in.We generated brief, customized instruments for measuring three outcomes among youth participants in Baltimore City Outward Bound programs: conflict management, emotional self-efficacy, and problem solving confidence. Measures were validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of pilot-testing data from two groups of program participants. We describe our process of identifying outcomes for measurement, developing and adapting measurement instruments, and validating these instruments.The finalized measures support evaluations of outdoor education programs serving urban adolescent youth. Such evaluations enhance accountability by determining if youth are benefiting from programs as intended, and strengthen the case for investment in programs with demonstrated success.